ODFW Wolves and Livestock. The following is a list of non- lethal or preventative measures which are intended to help landowners or livestock producers minimize the risk of wolf predation on livestock. It is not intended to be a list of mandatory prescriptions applicable to all producers or situations.
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Rather it is a guide for appropriate non- lethal measures which are likely to be most effective in different circumstances. Download ODFW Non- Lethal Measures to Minimize Wolf- Livestock Conflict (pdf) (Updated 1. There may be other non- lethal deterrents not included on this list which may be reasonably expected to minimize wolf- livestock conflict. So, ODFW may periodically update this webpage based on new research, information, and experience in working with wolves, landowners, and situations of wolf- livestock conflict.
Description and Intent: The physical removal or treatment of dead livestock carcasses (or portions of) which may attract wolves. Removal may occur by hauling carcasses to disposal in a landfill or other appropriate location, or by burying in some situations (see Considerations and Limitations below). In situations where removal or burying is not an option, treatment of carcasses may include covering or protecting by fladry or temporary fences. Application: General Removal – Prior to Wolf Use: Wolves and many predators are attracted to dead animals and the presence of a single carcass can have the effect of attracting and keeping wolves in areas of livestock. When wolves become accustomed to an easily attained food source they often return to the area which may increase the risk of depredation. In Oregon, the removal of several identified bone piles in one area resulted in a subsequent decrease of wolf use (and depredation) in the immediate area. Dispersing radio- collared wolves often travel long distances only to stop once they have found a bone pile or carcass. As a general practice, carcasses should be removed prior to wolf use whenever possible. Carcass and bone pile removal may be the single best action to keep from attracting wolves to areas of livestock. Identified Circumstances Which Attract Wolf/Livestock Conflict: These are situations in which there is information that wolves are using a particular dead animal carcass or other attractant. It may also be a situation in which a carcass has been placed intentionally to attract other scavengers like coyotes. Documentation: Land owners or livestock producers should document all carcass removal or treatment actions, and final disposition of carcass.
All documentation should include date(s) of actions taken. Appropriate Season & Area: Year- round in all areas where possible (see below). Considerations and Limitations: Not all carcasses can be physically removed due to terrain or the condition of the carcass. In situations where a carcass cannot be removed, other options to discourage wolf use of these carcasses such as burying, or barrier fencing should be considered.
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However, some of these measures must comply with other land- use policies (e. U. S. Forest Service and Oregon Department of Agriculture regulation) and may not be allowed in certain situations. In addition, some landfills may not be authorized to accept dead animal carcasses. In some situations, weather conditions (i. When this occurs, carcasses should be removed as soon as possible, and temporary barrier fencing or fladry may be appropriate as an interim measure. Under the Wolf Plan, carcasses of natural prey species (i.
However, in some cases wildlife carcass disposal sites may be identified as attractants and these should also be removed by the appropriate entity. Description and Intent: Fencing used specifically to deter wolves from livestock, may be permanent or temporary, and may be from a variety of fencing materials, depending on each situation. In general, fencing is considered when attempting to protect livestock in a small pasture, enclosure, or when stock is gathered in a reasonably protectable area (i. It is generally not applied to larger or dispersed grazing operations.
The type of barriers used is highly dependent on the type of livestock and conditions, but includes two general types as follows. Fencing: May be effective, and often a good option for small numbers of livestock and/or small acreages or pens. Types of fencing vary and may include multiple- strand electric or electric mesh, woven wire mesh, panels, or other hard barriers. In some cases, existing fences may be augmented (e. Fencing may also be used to create small temporary or permanent pens to protect livestock at night and may be used in conjunction with other measures such as noisemakers, guard animals, or lighting. Fladry and Electrified Fladry: A rope or electric wire with evenly spaced red flags that hang down. Highly portable and quickly installed, fladry can be used for a variety of livestock operations –sheep night penning, and some calving areas. It may be applied to certain open range situations but is best used as mobile protection on a short term basis. Producers are encouraged to work with ODFW managers to determine if fladry is appropriate. Fladry requires regular maintenance for effective use. In general, fladry is not intended for use over long periods of time in the same location because wolves may become habituated, and thereby reduce effectiveness. ODFW or other organizations may develop cooperative fladry projects to assist producers with installing and maintaining fladry protection. Application: Sheep: Electrified hard fencing is recommended for all small protectable areas that have sheep. Open range night penning of sheep in portable electric net fenced areas or fladry fences in areas of wolf use is highly recommended. Even with herders present, fladry may reduce depredation risk. Defined areas of lambing when wolves are present would also be an appropriate application for fladry.
Cattle: Fencing options are generally used where cattle are confined to small pastures or pens. Some operators calve in smaller areas which could be appropriate for fladry or other fencing. Prioritization of fencing or fladry as a deterrent should consider wolf use of the area, and the ability to install and maintain it. Livestock Working Animals: In areas of regular wolf use, fencing or other protective barriers to protect livestock working dogs should also be considered. This is especially important if dogs are left unattended in areas of wolf use during non- working periods. Documentation: Producers should document the dates, areas, type, and amount of fencing used as a non- lethal measure to reduce wolf depredation. Appropriate Season & Area: Sheep; all seasons for hard fences, but fladry or electrified mesh is most appropriate for temporary and movable night pens on open range in areas of wolf use. Cattle; specific cattle pens or small pastures (often during winter months) or calving areas (calving season) within areas of wolf use.
Considerations and Limitations: Permanent fencing, though long lasting, is usually expensive and can often only be affordably applied to small areas. Fladry installation is also expensive and fladry is often limited in availability. Fladry, when determined to be an appropriate deterrent, is generally effective on a short- term basis, requiring the use of other tools for longer term deterrence. Livestock animals which are fenced in smaller pastures or pens may require additional feeding which can increase the cost to the producer. Some livestock may not respond well to confinement which may also increase management costs. Fencing on allotments must comply with grazing permit requirements, and may not be allowable in some cases. Description and Intent: The underlying concept of increasing human presence as a deterrent to wolf depredation is that wolves tend to avoid humans. When human presence occurs in an area of simultaneous use by wolves and livestock, it is expected that wolves will move away and depredation will be reduced. Human presence actions are often conducted with the primary intent of reducing or deterring wolf depredation, though in some situations it may be passive or secondary to other ranching operations (e. Application: Two approaches to using human presence as a deterrent are; 1) Regular or planned presence using range riders, hazers, herders, or other planned human guarding of livestock, and 2) Presence in response to alerts (i. ODFW, tracks, observations of wolf activity, abnormal livestock behavior), or during susceptible depredation times (i. Monitoring for signs of wolf activity, though not considered a non- lethal measure by itself, is important to help prioritize effective wolf- deterring human presence. Regular or Planned Human Presence – Hazers and Range riders: Generally considered to be regular or sometimes continuous presence for the specific purpose of protecting livestock, range riders should patrol areas with wolves and livestock at hours when wolves are most active (dawn, dusk, night). The rider should use any information available to patrol in livestock areas with current wolf activity and should be equipped to actively haze wolves away from livestock when found.